-
1 быть утверждённым во втором чтении
General subject: be approved in second readingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > быть утверждённым во втором чтении
-
2 быть утверждённым во втором чтении
Русско-английский словарь по проведению совещаний > быть утверждённым во втором чтении
-
3 Wright, Frank Lloyd
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 8 June 1869 Richland Center, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 April 1959 Phoenix, Arizona, USA[br]American architect who, in an unparalleled career spanning almost seventy years, became the most important figure on the modern architectural scene both in his own country and far further afield.[br]Wright began his career in 1887 working in the Chicago offices of Adler \& Sullivan. He conceived a great admiration for Sullivan, who was then concentrating upon large commercial projects in modern mode, producing functional yet decorative buildings which took all possible advantage of new structural methods. Wright was responsible for many of the domestic commissions.In 1893 Wright left the firm in order to set up practice on his own, thus initiating a career which was to develop into three distinct phases. In the first of these, up until the First World War, he was chiefly designing houses in a concept in which he envisaged "the house as a shelter". These buildings displayed his deeply held opinion that detached houses in country areas should be designed as an integral part of the landscape, a view later to be evidenced strongly in the work of modern Finnish architects. Wright's designs were called "prairie houses" because so many of them were built in the MidWest of America, which Wright described as a "prairie". These were low and spreading, with gently sloping rooflines, very plain and clean lined, built of traditional materials in warm rural colours, blending softly into their settings. Typical was W.W.Willit's house of 1902 in Highland Park, Illinois.In the second phase of his career Wright began to build more extensively in modern materials, utilizing advanced means of construction. A notable example was his remarkable Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, carefully designed and built in 1916–22 (now demolished), with special foundations and structure to withstand (successfully) strong earthquake tremors. He also became interested in the possibilities of reinforced concrete; in 1906 he built his church at Oak Park, Illinois, entirely of this material. In the 1920s, in California, he abandoned his use of traditional materials for house building in favour of precast concrete blocks, which were intended to provide an "organic" continuity between structure and decorative surfacing. In his continued exploration of the possibilities of concrete as a building material, he created the dramatic concept of'Falling Water', a house built in 1935–7 at Bear Run in Pennsylvania in which he projected massive reinforced-concrete terraces cantilevered from a cliff over a waterfall in the woodlands. In the later 1930s an extraordinary run of original concepts came from Wright, then nearing 70 years of age, ranging from his own winter residence and studio, Taliesin West in Arizona, to the administration block for Johnson Wax (1936–9) in Racine, Wisconsin, where the main interior ceiling was supported by Minoan-style, inversely tapered concrete columns rising to spreading circular capitals which contained lighting tubes of Pyrex glass.Frank Lloyd Wright continued to work until four days before his death at the age of 91. One of his most important and certainly controversial commissions was the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum in New York. This had been proposed in 1943 but was not finally built until 1956–9; in this striking design the museum's exhibition areas are ranged along a gradually mounting spiral ramp lit effectively from above. Controversy stemmed from the unusual and original design of exterior banding and interior descending spiral for wall-display of paintings: some critics strongly approved, while others, equally strongly, did not.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRIBA Royal Gold Medal 1941.Bibliography1945, An Autobiography, Faber \& Faber.Further ReadingE.Kaufmann (ed.), 1957, Frank Lloyd Wright: an American Architect, New York: Horizon Press.H.Russell Hitchcock, 1973, In the Nature of Materials, New York: Da Capo.T.A.Heinz, 1982, Frank Lloyd Wright, New York: St Martin's.DY
См. также в других словарях:
Reading (legislature) — Reading is a mechanism by which a bill is introduced to, and approved by, a legislature. Readings For more details on the United Kingdom system see Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom#Stages of a bill First reading A first reading is when a… … Wikipedia
Second Council of Nicaea — Date 787 Accepted by Roman Catholics, Old Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Previous council (Catholic) Third Council of Constantinople (Orthodox) Quinisext Council Next council (Catholic) Fourth C … Wikipedia
Second Council of Nicaea — The Second Council of Nicaea † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Second Council of Nicaea Seventh Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church, held in 787. (For an account of the controversies which occasioned this council and the… … Catholic encyclopedia
Second Sino-Japanese War — Part of the Pacific War of World War II (from 1941) … Wikipedia
Second Council of Lyons — Second Council of Lyons (1274) † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Second Council of Lyons (1274) The Second Council of Lyons was one of the most largely attended of conciliar assemblies, there being present five hundred bishops, sixty abbots,… … Catholic encyclopedia
Reading, Berkshire — Reading Town Borough … Wikipedia
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution — The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights that protects the pre existing individual right to possess and carry weapons (i.e. keep and bear arms ) in case of confrontation.… … Wikipedia
Second Continental Congress — Infobox Legislature Historic name = Second Continental Congress entity = Thirteen Colonies United States type = Unicameral houses = 1 members = Variable; 50 location = 1775 1777: Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1775 1781:… … Wikipedia
Reading, Massachusetts — Infobox Settlement official name = Reading, Massachusetts nickname = motto = imagesize = image caption = image mapsize = 250px map caption = Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts mapsize1 = map caption1 = subdivision type = Country… … Wikipedia
Reading Area Community College — Infobox University name = Reading Area Community College established = 1971 type = Public Community College president = Anna Weitz, Ph.D city = Reading state = Penn. country = USA credit students = 4,100 + continuing education students =25,000 +… … Wikipedia
Second Crusade — Infobox Military Conflict conflict=Second Crusade partof=the Crusades caption=The fall of Edessa, seen here on the right of this map (c.1140), was the proximate cause of the Second Crusade. date=1147 1149 place=Iberia, Near East (Anatolia, Levant … Wikipedia